Table 1 |
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The nexus of global trade and foodborne pathogens. |
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| Pathogen |
Origin |
Trade-related interaction |
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| Salmonella |
Described in the late 1880s in swine. Subsequently recognized in humans, poultry,
cattle, rodents and exotic pets. |
Use of antimicrobials in livestock in response to heightened global competition has
contributed to emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains such as S. typhimurium DT104 and S. Newport-MDRAmpC. |
| Escherichia coli O157:H7 |
Identified as a pathogenic agent in humans in 1982. Hosts include cows, deer, sheep,
horses, pigs and dogs. |
Intensified production and far-reaching distribution channels in the meat industry
enable widespread dissemination in vehicles such as ground beef. |
| Cyclospora cayetanensis |
First documented cases observed in humans 1977. Only known host is humans. |
Hardy oocysts are transported on produce exported to geographic regions where the
parasite previously had been largely unknown. |
| Listeria monocytogenes |
Detected in 1926 in rabbits and guinea pigs, identified as a source of human infection
in 1929 and perinatal contamination in 1936. |
Increased popularity on the global market of raw milk cheeses and ready-to-eat products
contributed to surge in listeriosis. |
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Hodges and Kimball Globalization and Health 2005 1:4 doi:10.1186/1744-8603-1-4 |
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