Table 5 |
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|
Linear mixed effect regression analysis results for MMR, 2008 sub-divided into the WHO framework for the building blocks of a health system (n = 136 countries) |
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|
Explanatory Variables |
Unadjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted Risk Ratio (95%CI) |
|
|
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|
I. Human health resources |
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|
Nursing/midwife density (per 10,000 population) |
0.76 (0.66, 0.87) |
- |
|
Physician density (per 1,000 population) |
0.68 (0.58, 0.79) |
- |
|
II. Health service coverage |
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|
% Of population with sustainable access to water and sanitation (for a 10% increase) |
0.67 (0.61, 0.73) |
0.88 (0.82, 0.94) |
|
% Of births attended by skilled staff |
0.28 (0.20, 0.39) |
- |
|
III. Medical products, vaccines and technology |
||
|
% Measles immunization coverage |
0.55 (0.40, 0.74) |
- |
|
IV. Health financing |
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|
Total health expenditure per person (USD) |
0.60 (0.55, 0.65) |
0.84 (0.77, 0.92) |
|
Out-of-pocket expenditure on health (as a % of total health expenditure) |
1.32 (1.04, 1.66) |
- |
|
Government health expenditure (USD) |
0.53 (0.48, 0.58) |
- |
|
Private share of total health expenditure (%) |
1.01 (1.00, 1.02) |
- |
|
V. Leadership and governance |
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|
Corruption index (log of) |
0.18 (0.13, 0.23) |
0.49 (0.36, 0.66) |
|
Demographic variables |
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|
Fertility rate (average number of children per woman) |
9.93 (6.96, 14.16) |
2.85 (2.02, 4.00) |
|
Population growth value (annual %) |
1.07 (0.89, 1.28) |
- |
|
Urban population value (annual %) |
1.33 (1.17, 1.51) |
- |
|
Female labour force participation (%) |
1.00 (0.99, 1.02) |
- |
|
|
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|
- : Not selected in final model CI: Confidence interval A Risk Ratio below 1 corresponds to a protective variable. A Risk Ratio above 1 corresponds to a risk factor |
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Muldoon et al. Globalization and Health 2011 7:42 doi:10.1186/1744-8603-7-42 |
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